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Hostile architecture is a controversial urban design trend in which public spaces are constructed or altered to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner. Also known as defensive architecture it is most typically associated with discrimination against the homeless in the form of "anti-homeless spikes" - studs embedded in flat surfaces to make sleeping rough impractical. Other forms of behaviour which are commonly designed against by hostile architecture include skateboarding, littering, loitering and urination which are deterred with methods including "...slanting windowsills to stop people sitting, benches with armrests that make it impossible to lie down, or sprinklers that intermittently come on but aren't really watering anything." Although the term "hostile architecture" is recent, the use of civil engineering to achieve social engineering is not; antecedents include 19th Century "urine deflectors".Critics of hostile architecture argue that it makes "contrarianism" impossible, that it replaces public space with "commercial or pseudo-public spaces" and uses "architecture to enforce social divisions". == See also == * Camden bench * Bird control spike * Functionalism (architecture) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hostile architecture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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